Ceph块设备，以前称为 RADOS 块设备，为客户机提供可靠的、分布式的和高性能的块存储磁盘。
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RADOS 块设备利用 librbd 库并以顺序的形式在 Ceph 集群中的多个 osd 上存储数据块。RBD是由 Ceph 的 RADOS 层支持的，因此每个块设备都分布在多个 Ceph 节点上，提供了高性能和优异的可靠性。RBD 有 linux 内核的本地支持。
任何普通的 linux 主机都可以充当 Ceph 的客户机。客户端通过网络与 Ceph 存储集群交互以存储或检索用户数据。Ceph RBD 支持已经添加到 Linux主线内核中，从 2.6.34和以后的版本开始。
192.168.3.158为客户端做如下操作
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/hosts …… 192.168.3.165 ceph265 192.168.3.166 ceph266 192.168.3.167 ceph267 192.168.3.158 ceph258 [root@localhost ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname ceph258
# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/ceph.repo https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aishangwei/ceph-demo/master/ceph-deploy/ceph.repo
# mkdir -p /etc/ceph
# yum -y install epel-release # yum -y install ceph # cat /etc/ceph/ceph.client.rbd.keyring
# 创建 ceph 块客户端用户名和认证密钥
[ceph@ceph265 my-cluster]$ ceph auth get-or-create client.rbd mon 'allow r' osd 'allow class-read object_prefix rbd_children, allow rwx pool=rbd' | tee ./ceph.client.rbd.keyring [client.rbd] key = AQBLBwRepKVJABAALyRx67z6efeI4xogPqHkyw== 注： client.rbd 为客户端名 mon 之后的全为授权配置
拷贝配置文件及密钥到客户机
[ceph@ceph265 my-cluster]$ scp ceph.client.rbd.keyring root@192.168.3.158:/etc/ceph [ceph@ceph265 my-cluster]$ scp ceph.conf root@192.168.3.158:/etc/ceph
# 检查是否符合块设备环境要求
uname -r modprobe rbd
#安装 ceph 客户端
# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/ceph.repo https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aishangwei/ceph-demo/master/ceph-deploy/ceph.repo
查看密钥文件
[root@ceph258 ~]# cat /etc/ceph/ceph.client.rbd.keyring [client.rdb] key = AQBLBwRepKVJABAALyRx67z6efeI4xogPqHkyw== [root@ceph258 ~]# ceph -s --name client.rbd
在服务器192.168.3.165执行如下命令
(1) 创建块设备
默认创建块设备，会直接创建在 rbd 池中，但使用 deploy 安装后，该 rbd 池并没有创建。
# 创建池和块
$ ceph osd lspools # 查看集群存储池 $ ceph osd pool create rbd 50 pool 'rbd' created # 50 为 place group 数量，由于我们后续测试，也需要更多的 pg，所以这里设置为50
确定pg_num取值是强制性的，因为不能自动计算。下面是几个常用的值：
少于5个OSD时可把pg_num设置为128
OSD数量在5到10个时，可把pg_num设置为512
OSD数量在10到50个时，可把pg_num设置为4096
OSD数量大于50时，你得理解权衡方法、以及如何自己计算pg_num取值
(2)客户端创建 块设备
创建一个容量为 5105M 的 rbd 块设备
[root@ceph258 ~]# rbd create rbd2 --size 5105 --name client.rbd
192.168.3.158 客户端查看 rbd2 块设备
[root@ceph258 ~]# rbd ls --name client.rbd rbd2 [root@ceph258 ~]# rbd ls -p rbd --name client.rbd rbd2 [root@ceph258 ~]# rbd list --name client.rbd rbd2
查看 rbd2块设备信息
[root@ceph258 ~]# rbd --image rbd2 info --name client.rbd
# 映射到客户端，应该会报错
[root@ceph258 ~]# rbd map --image rbd2 --name client.rbd
layering：分层支持
- exclusive-lock：排它锁定支持对
- object-map：对象映射支持（需要排它锁定（exclusive-lock））
- deep-flatten：快照平支持（snapshot flatten support）
- fast-diff：在client-node1上使用krbd（内核rbd）客户机进行快速diff计算（需要对象映射），我们将无法在CentOS内核3.10上映射块设备映像，因为该内核不支持对象映射（object-map）、深平（deep-flatten）和快速dif（fast-dif）（在内核4.9中引入了支持）。为了解决这个问题，我们将禁用不支持的特性，有几个选项可以做到这一点：
1）动态禁用
rbd feature disable rbdl exclusive-lock object-map deep-flatten fast-diff--name client.rbd
2）创建RBD镜像时，只启用分层特性。
rbd create rbd2 --size 10240 --image-feature layering--name client.rbd
3）ceph配置文件中禁用
rbd_default_features=1
# 我们这里动态禁用
[root@ceph258 ~]# rbd feature disable rbd2 exclusive-lock object-map fast-diff deep-flatten --name client.rbd
对 rbd2 进行映射
[root@ceph258 ~]# rbd map --image rbd2 --name client.rbd
查看本机已经映射的 rbd 镜像
[root@ceph258 ~]# rbd showmapped --name client.rbd
查看磁盘 rbd0 大小
格式化 rbd0
创建挂载目录并进行挂载
[root@ceph258 ~]# mkdir /mnt/ceph-disk1 [root@ceph258 ~]# mount /dev/rbd0 /mnt/ceph-disk1/
# 写入数据测试
[root@ceph258 ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/ceph-disk1/file1 count=100 bs=1M
# 做成服务，开机自动挂载
[root@ceph203-]# wget -O /usr/local/bin/rbd-mount https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aishangwei/ceph-demo/master/client/rbd-mount
# vim /usr/local/bin/rbd-mount
[root@ceph258 ~]# chmod +x /usr/local/bin/rbd-mount [root@ceph258~ ]# wget -O /etc/systemd/system/rbd-mount.service https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aishangwei/ceph-demo/master/client/rbd-mount.service [root@ceph258 ~]# systemctl daemon-reload [root@ceph258 ~]# systemctl enable rbd-mount.service Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/rbd-mount.service to /etc/systemd/system/rbd-mount.service.
卸载手动挂载的目录，进行服务自动挂载测试
[root@ceph258 ~]# umount /mnt/ceph-disk1/ [root@ceph258 ~]# systemctl status rbd-mount
Ceph: RBD在线扩容容量
Ceph管理端的操作
查询 pool 总容量及已经分配容量
[root@ceph265 ~]# ceph df
查看已经存在的 pool
[root@ceph265 ~]# ceph osd lspools
查看已经有的 rbd
开始对 rbd2 进行动态扩容
[root@ceph265 ~]# rbd resize rbd/rbd2 --size 7168
Ceph客户端的操作
[root@ceph258 ~]# rbd showmapped
[root@ceph258 ~]# df -h
[root@ceph258 ~]# xfs_growfs -d /mnt/ceph-disk1
输入ceph-deploy mon create-initial命令获取密钥key，会在当前目录(如我的是~/etc/ceph/)下生成几个key，但报错如下。意思是：就是配置失败的两个结点的配置文件的内容于当前节点不一致，提示使用--overwrite-conf参数去覆盖不一致的配置文件。
# ceph-deploy mon create-initial
...
[ceph3][DEBUG ] remote hostname: ceph3
[ceph3][DEBUG ] write cluster configuration to /etc/ceph/{cluster}.conf
[ceph_deploy.mon][ERROR ] RuntimeError: config file /etc/ceph/ceph.conf exists with different content; use --overwrite-conf to overwrite
[ceph_deploy][ERROR ] GenericError: Failed to create 2 monitors
...输入命令如下(此处我共配置了三个结点ceph2~3)：
# ceph-deploy --overwrite-conf mon create ceph{3,1,2}
...
[ceph3][DEBUG ] remote hostname: ceph3
[ceph3][DEBUG ] write cluster configuration to /etc/ceph/{cluster}.conf
[ceph3][DEBUG ] create the mon path if it does not exist
[ceph3][DEBUG ] checking for done path: /var/lib/ceph/mon/ceph-ceph3/done
...之后配置成功，可继续进行初始化磁盘操作。
[root@ceph2 ceph]# ceph -s cluster: id: 8e2248e4-3bb0-4b62-ba93-f597b1a3bd40 health: HEALTH_WARN too few PGs per OSD (21 < min 30) services: mon: 3 daemons, quorum ceph3,ceph2,ceph4 ……
从上面集群状态信息可查，每个osd上的pg数量=21<最小的数目30个。pgs为32，因为我之前设置的是2副本的配置，所以当有3个osd的时候，每个osd上均分了32÷3*2=21个pgs,也就是出现了如上的错误 小于最小配置30个。
集群这种状态如果进行数据的存储和操作，会发现集群卡死，无法响应io，同时会导致大面积的osd down。
解决办法：
增加pg数
因为我的一个pool有8个pgs，所以我需要增加两个pool才能满足osd上的pg数量=48÷3*2=32>最小的数目30。
[root@ceph2 ceph]# ceph osd pool create mytest 8 pool 'mytest' created [root@ceph2 ceph]# ceph osd pool create mytest1 8 pool 'mytest1' created [root@ceph2 ceph]# ceph -s cluster: id: 8e2248e4-3bb0-4b62-ba93-f597b1a3bd40 health: HEALTH_OK services: mon: 3 daemons, quorum ceph3,ceph2,ceph4 mgr: ceph3(active), standbys: ceph2, ceph4 osd: 3 osds: 3 up, 3 in rgw: 1 daemon active data: pools: 6 pools, 48 pgs objects: 219 objects, 1.1 KiB usage: 3.0 GiB used, 245 GiB / 248 GiB avail pgs: 48 active+clean
集群健康状态显示正常。
如果此时，查看集群状态是HEALTH_WARN application not enabled on 1 pool(s)：
[root@ceph2 ceph]# ceph -s cluster: id: 13430f9a-ce0d-4d17-a215-272890f47f28 health: HEALTH_WARN application not enabled on 1 pool(s) [root@ceph2 ceph]# ceph health detail HEALTH_WARN application not enabled on 1 pool(s) POOL_APP_NOT_ENABLED application not enabled on 1 pool(s) application not enabled on pool 'mytest' use 'ceph osd pool application enable', where is 'cephfs', 'rbd', 'rgw', or freeform for custom applications.
运行ceph health detail命令发现是新加入的存储池mytest没有被应用程序标记，因为之前添加的是RGW实例，所以此处依提示将mytest被rgw标记即可：
[root@ceph2 ceph]# ceph osd pool application enable mytest rgw enabled application 'rgw' on pool 'mytest'
再次查看集群状态发现恢复正常
[root@ceph2 ceph]# ceph health HEALTH_OK
以下以删除mytest存储池为例，运行ceph osd pool rm mytest命令报错，显示需要在原命令的pool名字后再写一遍该pool名字并最后加上--yes-i-really-really-mean-it参数
[root@ceph2 ceph]# ceph osd pool rm mytest Error EPERM: WARNING: this will *PERMANENTLY DESTROY* all data stored in pool mytest. If you are *ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN* that is what you want, pass the pool name *twice*, followed by --yes-i-really-really-mean-it.
按照提示要求复写pool名字后加上提示参数如下，继续报错：
[root@ceph2 ceph]# ceph osd pool rm mytest mytest --yes-i-really-really-mean-it Error EPERM: pool deletion is disabled; you must first set the mon_allow_pool_delete config option to true before you can destroy a pool
错误信息显示，删除存储池操作被禁止，应该在删除前现在ceph.conf配置文件中增加mon_allow_pool_delete选项并设置为true。所以分别登录到每一个节点并修改每一个节点的配置文件。操作如下：
[root@ceph2 ceph]# vi ceph.conf [root@ceph2 ceph]# systemctl restart ceph-mon.target
在ceph.conf配置文件底部加入如下参数并设置为true，保存退出后使用systemctl restart ceph-mon.target命令重启服务。
[mon]
mon allow pool delete = true
其余节点操作同理。
[root@ceph3 ceph]# vi ceph.conf [root@ceph3 ceph]# systemctl restart ceph-mon.target [root@ceph4 ceph]# vi ceph.conf [root@ceph4 ceph]# systemctl restart ceph-mon.target
再次删除，即成功删除mytest存储池。
[root@ceph2 ceph]# ceph osd pool rm mytest mytest --yes-i-really-really-mean-it pool 'mytest' removed
笔者将ceph集群中的三个节点分别关机并重启后，查看ceph集群状态如下：
[root@ceph2 ~]# ceph -s
cluster:
id: 13430f9a-ce0d-4d17-a215-272890f47f28
health: HEALTH_WARN
1 MDSs report slow metadata IOs
324/702 objects misplaced (46.154%)
Reduced data availability: 126 pgs inactive
Degraded data redundancy: 144/702 objects degraded (20.513%), 3 pgs degraded, 126 pgs undersized
services:
mon: 3 daemons, quorum ceph3,ceph2,ceph4
mgr: ceph2(active), standbys: ceph3, ceph4
mds: cephfs-1/1/1 up {0=ceph2=up:creating}
osd: 3 osds: 3 up, 3 in; 162 remapped pgs
data:
pools: 8 pools, 288 pgs
objects: 234 objects, 2.8 KiB
usage: 3.0 GiB used, 245 GiB / 248 GiB avail
pgs: 43.750% pgs not active
144/702 objects degraded (20.513%)
324/702 objects misplaced (46.154%)
162 active+clean+remapped
123 undersized+peered
3 undersized+degraded+peered查看
[root@ceph2 ~]# ceph health detail HEALTH_WARN 1 MDSs report slow metadata IOs; 324/702 objects misplaced (46.154%); Reduced data availability: 126 pgs inactive; Degraded data redundancy: 144/702 objects degraded (20.513%), 3 pgs degraded, 126 pgs undersized MDS_SLOW_METADATA_IO 1 MDSs report slow metadata IOs mdsceph2(mds.0): 9 slow metadata IOs are blocked > 30 secs, oldest blocked for 42075 secs OBJECT_MISPLACED 324/702 objects misplaced (46.154%) PG_AVAILABILITY Reduced data availability: 126 pgs inactive pg 8.28 is stuck inactive for 42240.369934, current state undersized+peered, last acting [0] pg 8.2a is stuck inactive for 45566.934835, current state undersized+peered, last acting [0] pg 8.2d is stuck inactive for 42240.371314, current state undersized+peered, last acting [0] pg 8.2f is stuck inactive for 45566.913284, current state undersized+peered, last acting [0] pg 8.32 is stuck inactive for 42240.354304, current state undersized+peered, last acting [0] .... pg 8.28 is stuck undersized for 42065.616897, current state undersized+peered, last acting [0] pg 8.2a is stuck undersized for 42065.613246, current state undersized+peered, last acting [0] pg 8.2d is stuck undersized for 42065.951760, current state undersized+peered, last acting [0] pg 8.2f is stuck undersized for 42065.610464, current state undersized+peered, last acting [0] pg 8.32 is stuck undersized for 42065.959081, current state undersized+peered, last acting [0] ....
可见在数据修复中, 出现了inactive和undersized的值, 则是不正常的现象
解决方法：
①处理inactive的pg:
重启一下osd服务即可
[root@ceph2 ~]# systemctl restart ceph-osd.target
继续查看集群状态发现，inactive值的pg已经恢复正常，此时还剩undersized的pg。
[root@ceph2 ~]# ceph -s
cluster:
id: 13430f9a-ce0d-4d17-a215-272890f47f28
health: HEALTH_WARN
1 filesystem is degraded
241/723 objects misplaced (33.333%)
Degraded data redundancy: 59 pgs undersized
services:
mon: 3 daemons, quorum ceph3,ceph2,ceph4
mgr: ceph2(active), standbys: ceph3, ceph4
mds: cephfs-1/1/1 up {0=ceph2=up:rejoin}
osd: 3 osds: 3 up, 3 in; 229 remapped pgs
rgw: 1 daemon active
data:
pools: 8 pools, 288 pgs
objects: 241 objects, 3.4 KiB
usage: 3.0 GiB used, 245 GiB / 248 GiB avail
pgs: 241/723 objects misplaced (33.333%)
224 active+clean+remapped
59 active+undersized
5 active+clean
io:
client: 1.2 KiB/s rd, 1 op/s rd, 0 op/s wr②处理undersized的pg:
学会出问题先查看健康状态细节，仔细分析发现虽然设定的备份数量是3，但是PG 12.x却只有两个拷贝，分别存放在OSD 0~2的某两个上。
[root@ceph2 ~]# ceph health detail HEALTH_WARN 241/723 objects misplaced (33.333%); Degraded data redundancy: 59 pgs undersized OBJECT_MISPLACED 241/723 objects misplaced (33.333%) PG_DEGRADED Degraded data redundancy: 59 pgs undersized pg 12.8 is stuck undersized for 1910.001993, current state active+undersized, last acting [2,0] pg 12.9 is stuck undersized for 1909.989334, current state active+undersized, last acting [2,0] pg 12.a is stuck undersized for 1909.995807, current state active+undersized, last acting [0,2] pg 12.b is stuck undersized for 1910.009596, current state active+undersized, last acting [1,0] pg 12.c is stuck undersized for 1910.010185, current state active+undersized, last acting [0,2] pg 12.d is stuck undersized for 1910.001526, current state active+undersized, last acting [1,0] pg 12.e is stuck undersized for 1909.984982, current state active+undersized, last acting [2,0] pg 12.f is stuck undersized for 1910.010640, current state active+undersized, last acting [2,0]
进一步查看集群osd状态树，发现ceph3和cepn3宕机再恢复后，osd.1 和osd.2进程已不在ceph3和cepn3上。
[root@ceph2 ~]# ceph osd tree ID CLASS WEIGHT TYPE NAME STATUS REWEIGHT PRI-AFF -1 0.24239 root default -9 0.16159 host centos7evcloud 1 hdd 0.08080 osd.1 up 1.00000 1.00000 2 hdd 0.08080 osd.2 up 1.00000 1.00000 -3 0.08080 host ceph2 0 hdd 0.08080 osd.0 up 1.00000 1.00000 -5 0 host ceph3 -7 0 host ceph4
分别查看osd.1 和osd.2服务状态。
解决方法：
分别进入到ceph3和ceph4节点中重启osd.1 和osd.2服务，将这两个服务重新映射到ceph3和ceph4节点中。
[root@ceph2 ~]# ssh ceph3 [root@ceph3 ~]# systemctl restart ceph-osd@1.service [root@ceph3 ~]# ssh ceph4 [root@ceph4 ~]# systemctl restart ceph-osd@2.service
最后查看集群osd状态树发现这两个服务重新映射到ceph3和ceph4节点中。
[root@ceph4 ~]# ceph osd tree ID CLASS WEIGHT TYPE NAME STATUS REWEIGHT PRI-AFF -1 0.24239 root default -9 0 host centos7evcloud -3 0.08080 host ceph2 0 hdd 0.08080 osd.0 up 1.00000 1.00000 -5 0.08080 host ceph3 1 hdd 0.08080 osd.1 up 1.00000 1.00000 -7 0.08080 host ceph4 2 hdd 0.08080 osd.2 up 1.00000 1.00000
集群状态也显示了久违的HEALTH_OK。
[root@ceph4 ~]# ceph -s
cluster:
id: 13430f9a-ce0d-4d17-a215-272890f47f28
health: HEALTH_OK
services:
mon: 3 daemons, quorum ceph3,ceph2,ceph4
mgr: ceph2(active), standbys: ceph3, ceph4
mds: cephfs-1/1/1 up {0=ceph2=up:active}
osd: 3 osds: 3 up, 3 in
rgw: 1 daemon active
data:
pools: 8 pools, 288 pgs
objects: 241 objects, 3.6 KiB
usage: 3.1 GiB used, 245 GiB / 248 GiB avail
pgs: 288 active+clean挂载命令如下：
mount -t ceph 10.0.86.246:6789,10.0.86.221:6789,10.0.86.253:6789:/ /mnt/mycephfs/ -o name=admin,secret=AQBAI/JbROMoMRAAbgRshBRLLq953AVowLgJPw==
卸载CephFS后再挂载时报错：mount error(2): No such file or directory
说明：首先检查/mnt/mycephfs/目录是否存在并可访问，我的是存在的但依然报错No such file or directory。但是我重启了一下osd服务意外好了，可以正常挂载CephFS。
[root@ceph2 ~]# systemctl restart ceph-osd.target [root@ceph2 ~]# mount -t ceph 10.0.86.246:6789,10.0.86.221:6789,10.0.86.253:6789:/ /mnt/mycephfs/ -o name=admin,secret=AQBAI/JbROMoMRAAbgRshBRLLq953AVowLgJPw==
可见挂载成功~！
[root@ceph2 ~]# df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/vda2 48G 7.5G 41G 16% / devtmpfs 1.9G 0 1.9G 0% /dev tmpfs 2.0G 8.0K 2.0G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 2.0G 17M 2.0G 1% /run tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs 2.0G 24K 2.0G 1% /var/lib/ceph/osd/ceph-0 tmpfs 396M 0 396M 0% /run/user/0 10.0.86.246:6789,10.0.86.221:6789,10.0.86.253:6789:/ 249G 3.1G 246G 2% /mnt/mycephfs
参考链接
https://blog.csdn.net/SL_World/article/details/84584366
